Vitiligo is a skin disorder characterized by patches of nonpigmented skin. Its causes are unknown, but it may be linked to genetics. The genetics of vitiligo cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics; it is characterized by incomplete penetrance, multiple susceptibility loci and genetic heterogeneity. It may also be linked to overactive autoimmune responses. There is no known cure for vitilgo but there are many treatment options available.
The pigment of skin is determined by melanin. The activation of melanocytes in the melanin determines the darkness of the skin. Individuals with vitilago have immune systems that attack these melanocytes. This in turn causes a loss of pigmentation in the skin.
There are various forms of vitilago including generalized vitiligo, universal vitiligo, and focal vitiligo, . Generalized vitiligo is the most common and wide ranging and has highly random distribution. Universal vitiligo involves depigmentation of most of the body. Focal vitilago has a few scattered spots and is most common in children.
Source:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16140217
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo
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